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  pdftitle={Remediation and Geoengineering},
  pdfauthor={Ivo Welch},
  hidelinks,
  pdfcreator={LaTeX via pandoc}}
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\title{Remediation and Geoengineering}
\subtitle{The Gods will not save you --- Ervin Burrell.}
\author{Ivo Welch}
\date{December 31, 2021}

\usepackage{/Users/ivo/.pandoc/templates/pandoc-preamble} %% iaw; will in turn include local directory file pandoc.sty

\begin{document}
\frame{\titlepage}

\begin{frame}{Be Prepared}
\protect\hypertarget{be-prepared}{}
\begin{block}{Be prepared}
\protect\hypertarget{be-prepared-1}{}
\end{block}

\begin{block}{Be very prepared}
\protect\hypertarget{be-very-prepared}{}
\end{block}

\begin{block}{Be very very prepared}
\protect\hypertarget{be-very-very-prepared}{}
\end{block}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{1. Get Co\textsubscript{2} Out Of The Air}
\protect\hypertarget{get-co2-out-of-the-air}{}
\begin{itemize}
\item
  \emph{Not} undoing combustion: CO\textsubscript{2} → C +
  O\textsubscript{2}.
\item
  Instead:

  \begin{itemize}
  \item
    Sequester CO\textsubscript{2} into underground reservoirs.
  \item
    Speed up natural sequestration:

    \begin{itemize}
    \item
      Rock weathering.
    \item
      Ocean CO\textsubscript{2} absorption.
    \end{itemize}
  \end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Social Cost Of Carbon}
\protect\hypertarget{social-cost-of-carbon}{}
\begin{itemize}
\item
  Logically, sequestration cost is the upper limit to IAMS' Social Cost
  of Carbon (SCC).
\item
  Of course, there is no world government.

  \begin{itemize}
  \item
    SCC and sequestration cost are both intellectually interesting,
  \item
    but practically irrelevant for the real world.
  \end{itemize}
\item
  What would \$20/tCO\textsubscript{2} say about the world's free-rider
  problem?

  \begin{itemize}
  \tightlist
  \item
    When do you think it will change?
  \end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Lumber}
\protect\hypertarget{lumber}{}
Cheapest Sequestration Process:

\begin{itemize}
\item
  Foresting \emph{with} lumber harvesting.
\item
  Local benefits of trees on water, air, etc.
\item
  As cheap as \textbf{\emph{\$10/tCO\textsubscript{2}!}}

  \begin{itemize}
  \item
    on the margin, even cheaper, and
  \item
    probably for the first 1 GtCO\textsubscript{2}/year.
  \end{itemize}
\item
  Nevertheless, not pursued at large scale.

  \begin{itemize}
  \tightlist
  \item
    Instead, poor farmers burn Brazilian forest.
  \end{itemize}
\end{itemize}

\begin{quote}
Environmentalists won't like tree-felling.
\end{quote}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Lumber Farming}
\protect\hypertarget{lumber-farming}{}
\begin{itemize}
\item
  Needs more research:

  \begin{itemize}
  \item
    What trees where for most efficiency?
  \item
    How much sequestration at what cost?

    \begin{itemize}
    \tightlist
    \item
      Is 20 GtCO\textsubscript{2} feasible at \$40/tCO\textsubscript{2}?
    \end{itemize}
  \item
    Local benefits can justify local subsidies.
  \end{itemize}
\item
  Easy US suggestion:

  \begin{itemize}
  \item
    Grant free Federal shrub lands to purpose.
  \item
    Tie Brazilian and Indonesian trade to satellite-measured
    forestation.
  \end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Other Processes}
\protect\hypertarget{other-processes}{}
\begin{itemize}
\item
  Algae are potentially even more efficient.

  \begin{itemize}
  \item
    Yet perhaps not as economical.
  \item
    Needs more research first.
  \end{itemize}
\item
  Ocean liming

  \begin{itemize}
  \item
    Crush and shovel chalk into ocean.
  \item
    Needs more research first.
  \end{itemize}
\item
  Sequester on top of coal smokestack?

  \begin{itemize}
  \tightlist
  \item
    Maybe yes. Maybe never. Cost?
  \end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Crazy Ideas --- Why?}
\protect\hypertarget{crazy-ideas-why}{}
\begin{itemize}
\item
  Industrial processes (e.g., Climeworks)

  \begin{itemize}
  \item
    Wrestling towards \$200/tCO\textsubscript{2}.
  \item
    Business Model: Sell carbon credits to environmentalists.
  \item
    What?
  \end{itemize}
\item
  Enhanced rock weathering

  \begin{itemize}
  \tightlist
  \item
    Wrestling towards \$150/tCO\textsubscript{2}.
  \end{itemize}
\item
  Research \emph{only if} cost can go to
  \textless\$50/tCO\textsubscript{2}.

  \begin{itemize}
  \tightlist
  \item
    (I don't mean alternative cement research.)
  \end{itemize}
\end{itemize}

\begin{quote}
Usually, I am for research, but this seems still-born.
\end{quote}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{2. Change Solar Radiation}
\protect\hypertarget{change-solar-radiation}{}
\begin{quote}
(Reduces warming only, not ocean acidification.)
\end{quote}

\begin{enumerate}
\item
  Star Trek Space Shield?

  \begin{itemize}
  \tightlist
  \item
    Nonsense, too expensive.
  \end{itemize}
\item
  Sulfur particles into stratosphere.

  \begin{itemize}
  \item
    Feasible, cheap, think 1\% of CO\textsubscript{2} removal;
  \item
    circulates for 2-5 years.
  \end{itemize}
\item
  Cloud Seeding.

  \begin{itemize}
  \item
    Potentially cheaper yet, shorter-term,
  \item
    but not much known.
  \end{itemize}
\end{enumerate}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Radiation Management Problems}
\protect\hypertarget{radiation-management-problems}{}
\begin{itemize}
\item
  Dangerous unknown unknowns,

  \begin{itemize}
  \tightlist
  \item
    but modest interventions can and should be researched.
  \end{itemize}
\item
  We don't even know for sure if it works

  \begin{itemize}
  \tightlist
  \item
    though volcanoes have suggested it would.
  \end{itemize}
\item
  Many possible unintended consequences,

  \begin{itemize}
  \item
    but so does the current alternative:

    \textbf{\emph{global warming}}.
  \end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Global Cooling}
\protect\hypertarget{global-cooling}{}
\begin{itemize}
\item
  We may also need solar radiation capture on demand:

  \begin{itemize}
  \item
    i.e., heating up earth, e.g., reducing albedo.
  \item
    Think Asteroid \emph{Apophis} 99942.
  \end{itemize}
\end{itemize}

~

\begin{itemize}
\item
  We don't know enough about this either!
\item
  Much less urgent for now.
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Be Prepared}
\protect\hypertarget{be-prepared-2}{}
\begin{itemize}
\item
  Solar radiation management is dangerous!

  \begin{itemize}
  \item
    It is also potentially the only way to stop a run-away loop (e.g.,
    Permafrost Methane melting) in its tracks,
  \item
    to buy humanity some time.
  \end{itemize}
\end{itemize}

~

\begin{itemize}
\item
  Do not deploy!

  \begin{itemize}
  \item
    But research and understand,
  \item
    and think about acceptable use scenarios.
  \end{itemize}
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Conclusion}
\protect\hypertarget{conclusion}{}
\begin{itemize}
\item
  Subsidize lumber farming.
\item
  Research intelligent sequestration.
\item
  Research solar radiation management.
\end{itemize}
\end{frame}

\end{document}
